Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition characterized by elevated pressure in the arteries. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps it around the body. It is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and expressed as two values:
- Systolic Pressure: The higher number, which represents the pressure when the heart beats and pumps blood into the arteries.
- Diastolic Pressure: The lower number, which represents the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.
Normal blood pressure is typically defined as around 120/80 mm Hg. Hypertension is diagnosed when blood pressure consistently exceeds 130/80 mm Hg. It is categorized into two main types:
- Primary (Essential) Hypertension: This is the most common type of hypertension and does not have a specific identifiable cause. It tends to develop gradually over time and is often associated with lifestyle factors, genetics, and aging.
- Secondary Hypertension: This type of hypertension results from an underlying medical condition or the use of certain medications. It can occur suddenly and often requires treatment of the underlying cause, such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders.
Hypertension is often referred to as the “silent killer” because it can be asymptomatic for years, but if left uncontrolled, it can lead to serious health problems. Some of the complications and associated health risks of uncontrolled hypertension include:
- Cardiovascular Disease: Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease, heart attacks, and stroke.
- Kidney Disease: High blood pressure can damage the kidneys, leading to chronic kidney disease.
- Eye Problems: Hypertension can lead to retinopathy, an eye condition that can cause vision problems.
- Aneurysms: Weak spots in blood vessels can enlarge and form an aneurysm, which can rupture and be life-threatening.
- Cognitive Decline: Long-term hypertension is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
Managing and controlling hypertension is essential for reducing the risk of these complications. Management strategies typically include:
- Lifestyle Modifications: These include adopting a heart-healthy diet (low in sodium and saturated fats), regular physical activity, weight management, reducing alcohol intake, and quitting smoking.
- Medications: In cases of severe or uncontrolled hypertension, healthcare providers may prescribe antihypertensive medications to lower blood pressure.
- Regular Monitoring: Blood pressure should be regularly monitored to track progress and adjust treatment plans.
